The Spanish Civil War Essay Example For Students

The Spanish Civil War Essay Regarding any affable war in the twentieth century examinethe social, monetary and political foundation to the divisions inthe society included. Whatever degree were the issues whichcaused the war settled in the post-war period?The province of Spain during the early long stretches of the twentieth centurycan be said to have been a condition of extraordinary â€Å"unease†. Spain was oneof the principal forces to free her supreme impact, the state waspolitically insecure, mechanically feeble and had endured somehumiliating massacres. It very well may be said that these were the maincauses that lead to the incredible precariousness of Spain during the Civilwar and post common war periods. We will compose a custom exposition on The Spanish Civil War explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now Left-winged radicalism and nationalistic developments, such asthe Catalan development oftentimes clashed with the centralgovernment, which lead the administration to utilize defilement more andmore every now and again as a type of control. The outcome was a militarycoup in 1923 lead by Miguel Primo de Rivera. Rivera favored love direct method of administering, with a solid Christian base and avery against socialist demeanor. He didn't care for party politics,preferring to oversee logically, from the outset with a militarycabinet, however later on (1926) he chose an orderly governmentwould be increasingly productive. So he presented the 'National Assembly’intended to speak to various classes and gatherings, most likely tosoften the resistance; just as the Union Patriotica, made tomobilize mainstream support for his system. Rivera likewise figured out how to reinforce the Spanish infra-structure,but the subsidizing needed to originate from advances from different countries, becausethe privileged societies would not acknowledge an update in the taxationsystem. He likewise figured out how to energize mechanical development, which didwork partly due to numerous inside issues, and thebig sorrow. These money related and political, just as social difficultiesled his system to end in 1930 in light of the fact that it couldn't prevent theattacks from the left, just as assaults from the reluctantmilitary (who didn't care for his thoughts of official minimalisation). The following decisions were won by the republicans, drove by Azana,without an excess of trouble. The Republic endured 8 years beforeanother military overthrow, drove by general Franco, took over thegovernment. The Republic attempted to set out significant changes, meaning torestructure the entire of Spain. The eight-hour working day was arrangement, just as a decrease of officials in the military (by theform of early retirement). Casting a ballot rights were given to individuals atthe age of 23, the respectability was nullified and, extreme measures weretaken against the Church, particularly strict education(considered, as it were, a type of purposeful publicity). The locale ofCatalonia was given some self-overseeing benefits, as thecontrol of it’s own police. The issue was that these reformsseemed to be excessively extreme to one side winged resistance and theprivileged classes. So in 1933, Azana’s government fell subsequent to being vanquished bythe general races. The new government was really an arrangement ofcoalitions which set out to fix all the changes created by theformer republican government. This lead to clashes between whatnow could be known as the two primary â€Å"fronts†. These two camps werethe Popular Front (comprising of Communists, Socialist, Anarchists,etc.), and the National Front (comprising of right-winged partiesand other traditionalist foundations, for example, the Church and theFalange). These gatherings battled for the following decisions after theformer alliance government broke down. The Popular Front won these decisions, thus once again,Azana came into power. He attempted, by and by, to set out all hisprevious changes. He likewise banished Franco, who was considered thegreatest danger to the new government. The issue with the newgovernment however, was that it was (according to the opposition)drifting excessively far into socialism. The National Front could notstand it any more, so a military overthrow was incubated, lead by Francoto overthrough the administration. This arrangement was set up with the goal that twomain powers, one originating from the north, and the other from thesouth would in the long run join and snuff out the Republic. .u5816ad00eb61e7ac49a8747ba181d2c5 , .u5816ad00eb61e7ac49a8747ba181d2c5 .postImageUrl , .u5816ad00eb61e7ac49a8747ba181d2c5 .focused content zone { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u5816ad00eb61e7ac49a8747ba181d2c5 , .u5816ad00eb61e7ac49a8747ba181d2c5:hover , .u5816ad00eb61e7ac49a8747ba181d2c5:visited , .u5816ad00eb61e7ac49a8747ba181d2c5:active { border:0!important; } .u5816ad00eb61e7ac49a8747ba181d2c5 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u5816ad00eb61e7ac49a8747ba181d2c5 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; mistiness: 1; progress: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u5816ad00eb61e7ac49a8747ba181d2c5:active , .u5816ad00eb61e7ac49a8747ba181d2c5:hover { darkness: 1; progress: murkiness 250ms; webkit-progress: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u5816ad00eb61e7ac49a8747ba181d2c5 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5816ad00eb61e7ac49a8747ba181d2c5 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-design: underline; } .u5816ad00eb61e7ac49a8747ba181d2c5 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u5816ad00eb61e7ac49a8747ba181d2c5 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt sweep: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-beautification: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5816ad00eb61e7ac49a8747ba181d2c5:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u5816ad00eb61e7ac 49a8747ba181d2c5 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u5816ad00eb61e7ac49a8747ba181d2c5-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u5816ad00eb61e7ac49a8747ba181d2c5:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Racial Profiling EssayThe National Front in the long run won the common war, not onlybecause it had monetary and military help from Nazi Germany andFascist Italy, yet in addition in light of the fact that the Popular Front had it’s owninternal clashes. Franco’s system demonstrated very effective. He oversaw toovercome inward debates and equalization the distinctive Nationalistgroups; he left the topic of government open to the carlists andalso supported and empowered a progressively persuasive Church. Indeed, even thoughhis government made some intense memories during the 1940’s with respects toit’s status (issues turning into an individual from the assembled nations),other countries saw Spain become, in their eyes, a more â€Å"softernation†, this improved it’s remote dealings, primarily in light of thefact that the virus war had begun. An incredible achievement was the 1953 Madrid Pact among Spain and theU.S.A, which furnished Spain with a serious significant sum ofmilitary and money related guide as a byproduct of access to it’s militarybases. This settlement, just as the better relations between Spainand different forces and the extraordinary steadiness achieved becauseof the gigantic restraint that accompanied his system, drove Spain tobooming years during the 1960’s. The Spanish individuals saw a superior Spain, financially, however itwas still in an exceptionally crude state strategically and sociallycompared to other european countries, who were not under militaryrule (with a couple of exemptions, obviously). The finish of the Francoregime left numerous scars in the social and political side of Spain. Individuals had been submitted to a suppressive state, where very littleregard for any fundamental human right was given.

Manifest Destiny

â€Å"Manifest Destiny† is an expression to portray the eventual fate of the United States that significantly affected U.S. international strategy during the 1840s and 1850s. It was begat by John O’Sullivan in the article in Democratic Review in 1845 where he expounded on â€Å"†manifest predetermination to overspread the continent† (Wikipedia, 2006). This expression portrayed the expansionist international strategy regulation that helped America arrive at its current limits. The hidden thought of the convention was that the United States with its equitable framework was from numerous points of view better than different countries. Hence, it was ethically obliged to grow so as to carry vote based system and progress to new terrains around. The excellence of the American country, its boss capacities at improvement, and the mission to create other neighboring pieces of the mainland shaped the ideological reason for Manifest Destiny. Simultaneously, this belief system served various down to earth suggestions that were applicable to the US international strategy during the 1840s and 1850s. All things considered, it underlay the arrangement of continentalism that justified the extension on the American mainland planning to make America stretch â€Å"from ocean to sparkling sea†. For instance, it assumed a job in the Oregon question with Great Britain in which President Polk chose in 1844 from the start consented to partition the state at the 49th equal, yet then a battle started, asserting all Oregon to have a place with the United States. In the relations with Mexico, the topic of Manifest Destiny was significantly increasingly noticeable. The choice of the Republic of Texas in 1836 to isolate from Mexico and solicitation passage to the United States was taken by numerous individuals as proof that the Untied States is without a doubt bound to â€Å"assemble† every neighboring domain. In spite of the fact that the Mexican-American War that began in 1846 was not effective in bringing all of Mexico under American guideline, it all things considered included California and New Mexico. For two decades, America stayed focused on satisfying its Manifest Destiny †attaching different regions and bringing them as states into the association. Reference Wikipedia. Show Destiny. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifest_Destiny (got to August 22, 2006) Show fate Show is a view that gives proof on the historical backdrop of America whose limits changed and made a country. Show fate has no sequential periods since it is a way of thinking that was and still exists. This expression endeavors to clarify the regional extensions of America and its case to new regions. Reason for extension The energizing weep for extension was broadcasted and contended all through the country. The tenet was assimilated and this was a beginning of the development affected by Editor John L. Oa sullivan. (Jones and Donald 1997) In 1818, Andrew Jackson who was the seventh leader of the United States drove military powers during the Florida emergency rebuffing the original Indians and caught a few urban areas. The thinking and good preservations of most Americans about their pioneer Jackson, made their still, small voice to push to development of the American region. . http://www.let.rug.nl/~usa/E/show/manif1.htm Another reason was that the individuals the Deep South practiced their privilege in catching prolific land. This was on the grounds that Americans had been introduced with the conviction that they could possess any land which they needed. The show fate term had an implying that US predetermination included imperialistic development and a need and need to investigate new terrains and fringes. (Jones and Donald 1997) There was the possibility that America ought to have been the force to be reckoned with and this become solid after the Spanish American war. The assembled expressed had a solid conviction that it would catch the limits to North America. (Shenk, 2004) (Jones and Donald 1997) Technique for development With the requirement for prolific land Americans moved to Florida and in the Deep South, the grower class thusly took land and began setting and planting. This was a self-important move into the Florida domains since they didn't look for political endorsement or authorization. The thought is as old as America and the way of thinking went over the Atlantic to homesteader and finished in the Plymouth Rock with the explorers. This way of thinking likewise spread during the Great Awakening with fire and brimstone evangelists. In the spread of show fate thoughts Roosevelt, Harrison and Captain Mahan were expansionists who upheld for the formation of America yet these thoughts were restricted by Grover Cleveland, Andrew Carnegie and Mark Twain. http://www.let.rug.nl/~usa/E/show/manif1.htm As new regions were framed, the development additionally included expanding the establishment of subjugation since in this way was a focal issue of America as a missiona. John Quincy Adams coordinated the 1818 arrangement, which settled standing limits of the US and UK toward the west of Rocky Mountains with joint control of the Oregon nation. He additionally bought Florida from Spain stretching out the fringe to the Pacific Ocean. (Jarnow, 2005) The U.S government needed to grow in toward the west and this would mean the legitimate procedures of buying of Native America land in bargains. The extension toward the west was a triumph since the approach which was detailed by Henry Knox had the arrangement for such a development. (Jones and Donald 1997) In the 1896 political decision, republicans recovered the white house for a long time and this advanced abroad development on the North American landmass. This happened because of the Guano islands act, Spanish American war and settlement of Berlin among others. The United States obtained Guam, Puerto Rico and Philippines Island as provinces instead of as states. (Jarnow, 2005 ). http://www.let.rug.nl/~usa/E/show/manif1.htm Cost of extension Because of the development there were a few wars, for example, the war on Mexico in 1846. The forceful demonstration with the war caused the American common war. The Spanish America war made officials attach every single Spanish region. John Quincy Adams gave an admonition through the Monroe precept which he planned. This convention cautioned against the European colonization of the western half of the globe which incorporates London, England and the United Kingdom. Tranquil and savage endeavors were seen in the American Revolution with an objective of remembering Canada for the US. http://www.let.rug.nl/~usa/E/show/manif1.htm Aftereffect of extension The war came about in to a success of the southwestern United States. With the vanquishing of new terrains and fringes, good, social, social and monetary contrasts started to show themselves among individuals, states and nations included. The development through fine and brimstones minister prompted working of the main national street. (Michael, 1997) Further more with the development from 1815 to 1860; the United States had extended to the Pacific Ocean and fills in as mainland fringes in the United States today. With the Anglo American show of 1818, a huge number of Americans moved over the Oregon Trail. The British dismissed a proposition in which John Tyler needed to have forty nine equal limits in the area. The British required a limit line further south along the Columbia River. There were various sentiments that discovered supported of Manifest predetermination requiring the extension of Oregon nation. The democrats were for the possibility of extension of all Oregon at the hour of presidential appointment of James K. Polk. Polk who was a presidential competitor offered to separate the domain to 49 equal limits. In the interim the disagreement regarding the division of the locale was at long last settled with the Oregon arrangement of 1846.( shenk,2004)(Richard 1991) . http://www.let.rug.nl/~usa/E/show/manif1.htm At the point when the sovereign state in the republic of Texas proclaimed autonomy from Mexico in 1836, and joined the assembled expressed as another state. Addition of all Mexico implied stretching out the United States citizenship to Mexicans. The Mexican cession saw the expansion of the Alta California and Nuevo Mexico domains to the United States. The American war of autonomy was a common war that included the realm of Great Britain and North American settlements. (McCartney 1992) (Salzman, 1986) European wars prompted American Revolution and a mainland armed force. The west ward development made a 4000 mile fringe between the United States and Canada which additionally servers as the most quiet limit on the planet. (Jarnow, 2005), (Richard, 1991), (Feldman, 2004) The Pacific Northwest was an extension because of an American John Jacob Astron who opened an exchanging post named Astoria at the mouth of the Columbia River. The Louisiana Purchase was the securing of 828,000 assistant miles of French domain by the United States of America. This buy included 15 U.S states and 2 Canadian territories Oklahoma Panhandle and south western bits of Kansas and Louisiana were still guaranteed by Spain and there were gripes that it was illegal. Subsequently Jefferson bought Louisiana since France and Spain needed to have capacity to square American exchange access to the port of New Orleans. (Michael, 1997) (Feldman, 2004) The development and settlement in the western domains offered opportunity to boundless land. With the soul of show fate Americans settled, planted and did cultivating exercises in the Indian land. Show predetermination was the explanation behind regional development and settlement in huge tracks of land that were inadequately populated. Show predetermination made American history and is additionally liable for its autonomy and development. (Fearful, 2003) End The occasions that happened during the late and mid eighteenth hundreds of years in United States got division American governmental issues. This was particularly because of the show fate and regional development. (McCartney 1992) An incredible number of individuals were in upheld these moves however lawmaker just as the severe constructionists didn't bolster the thoughts. In their view they comprehended that the constitution didn't permit or gi

A SIPA degree leads to a promising future COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

A SIPA degree leads to a promising future COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Its Graduation Week at Columbia University, and we couldnt be more excited for SIPAs Class of 2015! This Thursday, May 21, 2015, our students will graduate from SIPA and will  become a part of  our 20,000+ outstanding SIPA alumni. And Im pleased to say that theyll be  in some pretty impressive company. SIPAs alumni call more than 150 countries home. Some notable members of this global group include  Salim Ahmed Salim, Prime Minister of Tanzania, Secretary General of the Organization of African Unity, President of the United Nations General Assembly;  David Kay, Chief UN weapons inspector and head of Iraq Survey Group;  Judy Cheng-Hopkins, Assistant Secretary-General for Peacebuilding Support of the United Nations;  Bill de Blasio, Mayor of New York City;  Steven Fulop, Mayor of Jersey City, New Jersey;  Eric Garcetti, Mayor of Los Angeles;  Claire Shipman, ABC News correspondent;  Katie Stanton, head of international strategy, Twitter;  Alexander Vershbow, Deputy Secretary General of NATO and former Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs; and  Peter Zalmayev, human rights activist and Director of the Eurasia Democracy Initiative. While these 10 alumni represent a fraction of the career paths our Seeple take, they all have something in common:  they went on to serve the common good  and have found successful careers doing so. To illustrate how our recent graduates do in the job-hunting department,  I created a  few  charts  using data from the Office of Career Services. (For a larger view, just click on the image.)  While we dont have the Class of 2015s data just yet, I thought looking back at what the Class of 2014 accomplished early on would be nice. #gallery-1 { clear: both; } #gallery-1 .gallery-item-wrapper { float: left; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 50%; } #ie6 #gallery-1 .gallery-item-wrapper, #ie7 #gallery-1 .gallery-item-wrapper { width: 50%; } #gallery-1 .gallery-item { display: block; float: none; margin: 5px; width: auto !important; } #ie6 #gallery-1 .gallery-item { display: inline; } #gallery-1 .gallery-icon a { display: block; line-height: 0; } #gallery-1 img { width: 100% !important; max-width: 100% !important; height: auto !important; } #gallery-1 .gallery-caption { overflow: hidden; } #ie6 #gallery-1 .gallery-caption { word-wrap: break-word; } General Statistics of MIA Students After Graduation. Data source: SIPA Office of Career Services, 2014. General Statistics of MPA Students After Graduation. Data source: SIPA Office of Career Services, 2014. Employment Sectors of MIA/MPA Students After Graduation. Data source: SIPA Office of Career Services, 2014. Median Salary of MIA/MPA Students After Graduation. Data source: SIPA Office of Career Services, 2014. As you can see, our Seeple do pretty well right out of the gate. In 2014, more than 88  percent of our MIA and MPA students were  employed (or seeking further study) upon graduation. They are working  everywhere, from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Japan and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York to the United Nations Childrens Fund and  National Alliance on Mental Illness. (For a look at career paths by concentration, go here for MIA and here for MPA.) Clearly, theres no doubt in my mind that the Class of 2015 will go on to do some amazing things themselves. (Im excited to see what their futures will look like!) P.S. Want a glimpse at your possible future? Watch the SIPA commencement livestream here  on Thursday at 3:15 p.m. EST.

The Impact of the Cold War on Developing Nations Essay

Introduction Third world countries became the perfect battleground for cold war proxy battles during the early 1940’s to late 1990’s. United States wanted to flex its political muscle and try to curtail the spread of Soviet Communism in the developing nations. Most of the nations in developed world had already made their political and socio-economic stand regarding the form of governance and leadership pursued. Underdeveloped nations in Asia, Latin America and Africa were still vulnerable and easily influenced in terms of ideologies and political direction. Most nations in Latin America like Chile were recovering from colonialism and thus logistic, economic and political aid from powerful nations to propel their economies which made it†¦show more content†¦Although hypocritical in terms of ideologies it was sensible in securing its interests. This notion of foreign policy towards cold war led to CIA participating in covert operations aiding the military coup against a popu lar democratically elected President Salvador Allende of Chile. It was intended to sabotage and counter Allende’s Marxist ideologies that were contrary to the capitalist interests of the Americans in Chile as well as her democratic governance. In this retrospect any regime which opposed Americans capitalistic liturgies was perceived to retrogressive, tyranny and oppressing its masses using evil communist ideologies. America’s support of the coup under the orders of President Nixon was a move aimed at suppressing the Marxist economic policies of Salvador that dominated his ascension to power in 1970 and his reign for three years and . For United States Capitalism and democracy was applied in double standard and it only depended if the regime was subscribing to its capitalist socio-political ideas. The concept of democracy was about interests rather than actual ideology as witnessed in Chile scenario. American backing of for rightist regime like Pinochet in Chile and els ewhere in Africa Asia and Latin was designed to fit its imperialistic pattern and agenda. (Larres, 2001, p.227) Countering Soviet Influence In an example of Chile, Americans tried to counter the influence of USSRShow MoreRelatedImpact Of The Cold War On The World Essay1560 Words   |  7 PagesWas the impact of the Cold War felt most heavily felt by the superpowers (Europe, Russia, and the United States) or in the developing world? The Cold War (1945-1991), a war fought between two social, economic, and political ideologies: Communism and Capitalism. Although essentially fought between two superpowers, the United States of America (U.S.A.) and the Union of Soviet Socialists Republic (U.S.S.R.), the impact was most heavily felt in the developing world. Although there was no direct fightingRead MoreThe Legacy of the Cold War1083 Words   |  5 Pages The legacy of the cold war and the struggle between the USSR and the United States continued to flourish in large portions in developing countries. The two world powers had different ideologies and were in a battle for supremacy. The Cold War pitted an American led alliance against the Soviet Union divided the economical and political world into two major blocs. The cold war involved a contest of ideologies that intensified after the two great powers, America and the Soviet Union started competingRead MoreNuclear Warfare And Fear Of Nuclear Weapons1180 Words   |  5 PagesThe cold war is a state of political and military tension that developed primarily between powers in the Western Bloc, the United States and Eastern Bloc, and USSR after the World War Two. 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The revolution helped developing nations, like India, to keep up with the food needs of a growing, impoverishedRead MoreTaking a Look at the Cold War996 Words   |  4 Pagesof World War II in the summer of 1945. The Soviet Union and the United States, having been on the Allies fighting against the Axis, were both victorious world superpowers at the end of WWII. With conflictin g government systems (on one side socialism and on the other democracy) however, these two nations would fight a cold war for the next few decades in hope of making their rule secure. This would shape America’s foreign and domestic policy for the next few decades and define the Cold War presidentsRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet Union1139 Words   |  5 PagesThe Cold War is a period following world war II which was marked by political conflict between former allies; the United States and the Soviet Union. It is considered â€Å"a state of conflict that stops just ever so short of direct military combat. Instead, the fighting mainly takes the form of economic competition, political maneuvers, propaganda and, at times, proxy wars between nations allied to one of the more powerful nations.† (Pelz 171). Once allies, the United States and Soviet Union experiencedRead MoreThe Cold War On The Past And Present Military Technology1310 Words   |  6 PagesThe Cold Warâ €™s Effect and Impact on the Past and Present Military Technology The high level military protection Americans may take for granted today was a result of a war that never took place. The Cold War was an era that lasted over four decades from 1947-1991 in which America and Russia raced to outdo each other in upholding their beliefs of government, that is capitalism vs communism. Surprisingly, however, a far greater impact was seen on the technological bmm advancements in America. ThisRead MoreWorld War II The Greatest Military Powers At The Time1739 Words   |  7 PagesFranciel Baez Mr. Kazlauskas AP US History/ Period: 5 Research Paper 17 June 2015 During World War II the greatest military powers at the time, the United States and the Soviet Union, had strong tensions between one another. The Cold War permanently shaped the United States military system. During World War II, as tensions raised between the United States and the Soviet Union, the advancement of technology increased dramatically, which eventually led to the Nuclear Arms Race. As a result of thisRead MoreThe Soviet And Socialist Development, Truman And His Assistants1492 Words   |  6 Pagesof Soviet socialism and to improve America s security and impact abroad. Conjuring the control principle, the United States in 1947 and 1948 started to construct a worldwide monetary and cautious system to ensure American thriving and security and to progress U.S. matchless quality.The containment policy during the time of the cold war was influenced by Asia,Europe, and Latin America. America had one huge objective all through the Cold War, to stop the spread of communism. A major outside approachRead MoreMissile Defense Systems : Risks And Benefits1513 Words   |  7 Pagesnuclear missile could destroy a small nation and instantly kill millions of people. Therefore, missile defense system could play an important role in limiting damage and casualties since it could destroy a missile before it causes any harm. Even though there are significant reasons for developing missile defense system, this is still an area of controversy. This essay will give background information on the technology, potential risks, and potential benefits on developing MDS. The history of missile defense

The Chronicles of Math Project Statistics

The Chronicles of Math Project Statistics What Does Math Project Statistics Mean? You've been selected to explore the many connections between math and sports. Doublemajoring in mathematics and economics is a superb option. At times you can try too tricky to generate a PBL project align to a math standard. Either should you need help with a single Math or Stats problem, or in case you will need assistance with a course for the entire semester, or if it's an easy question or an extremely complex bit of statistical evaluation, we can give the sort of math help you will need. You will relish your immersion in Math! Emergent Math is devoted to brainstorming interesting and dynamic math difficulties and projects. Mathematics is used to make the elaborate programming at the center of all computing. The significance of mathematics is two-fold, it's important in the improvement of science and two, it's important in our knowledge of the workings of the universe. A Secret Weapon for Math Project Statistics There's minimal use in carrying out a complicated statistics project in the event the products of your analyses can't be meaningfully transmitted to the audience. In the very first scenario, you can get data about who or what affects the environment in your region. Many interdisciplinary projects expect a spectrum of quantitative approaches. Each time a statistician or student applies statistics, for example, in a particular scientific, social or industrial setting, it's common to begin with a statistical survey of the people or a statistical model mig ht be explored. In baseball, for instance, common statistics incorporate the variety of hits, runs. You are able to search both Project Euclid content and data about Project Euclid working with the search box near the top of the webpage. Utilize AWS S3 to host your doc website is wise! A very simple search through the data base might just land you on that project you're searching for. The Appeal of Math Project Statistics Working with statistics can be truly amazing because you'll always learn a whole lot more than you can picture! In order to have a survey of a population, statisticians utilize a sample of the people. Have each group calculate the price of their building. If a conventional should be covered in a brief week unit, then it isn't the ideal place for an undertaking. So remember to follow along with the units! The Birth of Math Project Statistics An important part of creative and fun statistics projects is that a student provides a concise outline of the report at the start of the paper. An essential part of lifelong learning is the totally free exchange of thoughts and viewpoints among older learners. The idea of randomness is tough to define precisely. Each brain should make its own meaning of ideas and abilities. With plenty of students learning in numerous ways, it's important to take advantage of all materials or resources you have. The secret to success is your motivation because you've got to get inspired first to begin your statistics project research. You will discover some wonderful ideas as you explore. Another way to earn math fun is by using one of the numerous sources listed here. Lifelong learning is a brilliant approach to stay in contact with people, meet new friends, and revel in life surrounded by the business of folks that are truly embracing the excitement of our later decades. Students will have a blast planning all the specifics of their overnight visit to the fair. Parents can turn anything into a math undertaking, even a visit to the grocery shop. Consumers in 2030 project is intended to spark debate. Project Gutenberg believes the Court does not have any jurisdiction over the topic, but until the problem is resolved, it is going to comply. Continue the wonderful work, have a wonderful week, and delight in the resources! Teachers should also give guidance and support throughout the project to make certain that students remain on the perfect track. Students will be given the chance to investigate and choose their topic. Math projects are a fantastic way to evaluate how well 7th graders have learned the concepts they've been studying. The Project for Elementary Mathematics is among the conference sponsors. This undertaking could possibly be the students' first introduction to the notion of factorials, a comprehension of which is essential for the successful completion of the undertaking. Sometimes there isn't enough time for a project. Anything which you find valuable for students or society will probably fit for statistics project! Statistics project tips for students.

Influence of Religion on the Civil Rights Movement Free Essays

Religion has had a profound effect on numerous events throughout the course of American history. The Civil Rights Movement was not withheld from the influence of religion, particularly Christianity and Islam. Many of the key players such as Martin Luther King, Jr. We will write a custom essay sample on Influence of Religion on the Civil Rights Movement or any similar topic only for you Order Now and Malcolm X, who were devoted to the cause of justice and equality for African Americans, gained their passion from their spiritual roots. Through these religious leaders organizations were established to fight for civil rights. It was through these religious men and the religion of blacks that the fight for equality gained enthusiasm and courage to fight oppression and discrimination. Opposition also came from religion, however. Reverend Jerry Falwell and the white supremacists of the Ku Klux Klan, who fought against the Civil Rights Movement, based their justification for an inferior black race on their religious beliefs. The Civil Rights Movement, by the people and parties involved, was in itself a battle of beliefs. How is religion involved in the progression and initiation of the fight for equality for African Americans? Christianity, being the a religion active in the Civil Rights Movement, has aspects within its doctrine that encourages equality. It contributed in giving African Americans the passion and the support to continue on in the struggle despite its hardships. â€Å"‘I come to preach, to liberate them’†¦. The thrust of the Civil Rights Movement†¦was that God was on the side of the oppressed, the poor, the downtrodden, the outcast, the persecuted, the exploited. God is on the side of justice† (Williams 119). Those that believed in God also believed that this divine, powerful being was behind their every effort and would grant them victory in the battle for civil rights. They saw themselves as the persecuted and knew that their God would have compassion on them through their difficulty. Moreover, the Christian faith brought unity among African American because they saw others turning to faith for hope to gain equality and so they followed suit. â€Å"According to several respondents, religion engendered in them collective identities and meanings that imbued a sense of purpose† (Williams 113). It â€Å"inspired the construction of perspectives proclaiming, ‘people who were products of segregation must be viewed theologically as the poor, the handicapped, the downtrodden. And theologically we have a responsibility to use our faith—to not be afraid to confront the oppressor’† (Williams 113). Many Christians believed it was their duty and their way of showing obedience to God by fighting those who discriminated against them. Christianity was certainly a motivator and contributor to the Civil Rights Movement. It caused African Americans to not limit their movement to the potential of a human being. Instead, they gained hope in believing that something more powerful than them was working to give them equality. Despite the unity and empowerment that blacks received from their churches, white churches mostly existed in the background and never really urged their members to partake in the Civil Rights Movement. Rather, they sat back in a more comfortable position and consented to the Supreme Court’s decision to segregate. Integration, although it did occur, had a very slow progression in Caucasian churches and schools. Roman Catholicism was the first Christian sect to completely integrate their parochial schools (Mathisen 575). With Catholics and most other sects of Christianity, preachers gave sermons to white folks, many of whom favored segregation. If a pastor spoke out about the injustices of discrimination and encouraged civil rights, they might be removed from their position as a clergyman. Moreover, Ku Klux Klan members were mixed in their churches as well. â€Å"Much of the minister’s ardor is dampened when he returns to his flock though this is not to say that he bends completely to their will. It is not without significance that some fairly strong announcements have been made on the local level† (Mathisen 574,575). Based on their audience, white pastors had to weaken their sermons so that people would continue to attend their church and so they could maintain their job. Clearly, white Americans were not all opposed to integration. Rather, many of them just did not desire to sacrifice their lifestyle to help African Americans in their struggle for equality. Yet, this is not to say all Caucasians did not fight for civil rights, but the majority of them were not an active part of the movement. Such a religious force in America that did not partake in the struggle for civil rights held back some of the potential of the movement. The Ku Klux Klan, notorious for their brutality towards others, fought against the efforts of Civil Rights activists. Despite their ruthless behavior, the Ku Klux Klan had members in law enforcement and within the church. Members of this organization believed that only white Christian people should exist within America and that other races should be honored to be controlled by Caucasian Christians. If others, such as the African Americans in their fight for civil rights, tried to gain an equal status, then the KKK would use ruthless tactics to suppress them. They defended their violent acts against African Americans by referencing their faith. A member of the KKK was asked in an interview, â€Å"What is your explanation of why there have been so many National Police Agents [F. B. I.? ] involved in the case of the ‘missing civil rights workers’† (Mathisen 576)? The Ku Klux Klan member, knowing that the National Police Agents involved were in cooperation with the KKK, responded, â€Å"First I must correct you on your terms. Schwerner, Chaney and Goodman were not civil rights workers. They were Communist Revolutionaries, actively working to undermine and destroy Christian Civilization† (Mathisen 576). Later on in the interview the KKK affiliate declared that Lyndon B. Johnson, a president known for his support of the Civil Rights Movement, â€Å"is a communist sympathizer† (Mathisen 576). This member was clearly discussing the Civil Rights activists. He proclaims that they were tainting the Christian religion, which is why they were killed and are â€Å"missing. This notion brings up religion as a contributor to their own views against African Americans. â€Å"The KKK uses words from the Holy Bible and teachings from Protestant Reverends to support its cause and justify its actions† (Fisher 1). They truly rationalize their superiority complex and their brutality to blacks by the Christian faith. By using Christianity, they too obtained unity against the Civil Rights Movement. The Ku Klux Klan was not the only notorious adversary of civil rights. A prominent opponent of the fight for African American equality and was the Baptist minister, Jerry Falwell. Falwell was a strong supporter of segregation and believed that based on the bible, â€Å"Africans were the cursed descendants of Ham, and worthy only of subservience to white people† (Kimberley 1). In Genesis of the bible Ham was cursed by his father, Noah, for disrespecting him. Through this, Reverend Falwell believes that African Americans should not gain any standing in society. To him it is the natural place of blacks to be below the status of whites due to the actions of their ancestors (Kimberley 1). Due to this, his position on civil rights legislation is very ardently against it. He has been reported to have said that the Civil Right Movement is a ‘civil wrong’ (Kimberley 1). Clearly, religion was used on both sides of the spectrum as a means to rally for a cause. While it was used by blacks for their crusade, some whites relied on it as tool to keep segregation and maintain discrimination. Martin Luther King, Jr. is one of the most famous leaders of the Civil Rights Movement. It is through him and others like him that African Americans gained justice and equality. One of the motivators of this intelligent, talented orator is most certainly his faith. Before ever becoming a part of the battle for civil rights, King was a devoted Christian and minister of Dexter Avenue Baptist Church (King 47). He, then, carried these beliefs into the Civil Rights Movement. â€Å"There comes a time when people get tired of being trampled over by the iron feet of oppression† (Kelley 463). King continues on in a freedom sermon, â€Å"I want say that we’re not here advocating violence†¦We have never done that†¦I want it to be known throughout Montgomery and throughout this nation that we are a Christian people†¦We believe in the Christian religion. We believe in the teachings of Jesus. The only weapon we have this evening is the weapon of protest† (Kelley 463). The reactions to these words were astounding. People identified with this idea and it gave them passion and courage to pursue equality. â€Å"All through that statement of religious identity the people shouted and applauded, moved with King, pressed him forward even as he urged them toward their own best possibilities† (Kelley 463,464). By their religious unity the Civil Rights Movement becomes undeniably contagious. As faith is mentioned, everyone joins in the excitement of the crowd and begin to trust that with numbers they can protest and achieve equality. Martin Luther King, Jr. ’s most famous speech â€Å"I Have a Dream† contains within it references to religion, faith, and hope. â€Å"And when we allow freedom to ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and city, we will be able to speed up the day when all of God’s children—black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Catholics and Protestants —will be able to join hands and sing the words of the old negro spiritual, â€Å"Free at last, free at last; thank God Almighty, we are free at last† (Finkenbine 190). This speech, like many of his others, held within it the idea of nonviolence. King looked to an Indian leader named Mahatma Gandhi as a guide to his desire to resist violence in the Civil Rights Movement. Despite this, he always turned to the Bible as a source to defend this action. King puts it best when he said, ‘The spirit of passive resistance came to me from the Bible, from the teachings of Jesus. The technique came from Gandhi† (Kelley 468). Religion was certainly Martin Luther King, Jr. ’s driving force as he became a prominent leader of the movement. He used Christianity as a means to support his every action and without its inspiration he would not have had nearly as great an effect on the Civil Rights Movement. Through him, African Americans came together inspired to make a change to society and not stand for injustice. Another contributor to the Civil Rights Movement was a man known as Malcolm X. He, like numerous other African Americans, took to practicing the religion of Islam. Elijah Muhammad, a member of the Nation of Islam (NOI), influenced Malcolm X and many others into pursuing these beliefs (Kelley 478). Black Muslims viewed themselves in American society as â€Å"an isolated and unappreciated appendage† (Mathisen 576). Muhammad saw the black race as not wanted and believed that the only way to achieve peace in such a circumstance is to remove those that do not desire them. Moreover, he taught that white people belong in Europe and that, â€Å"there will be no peace until every man is in his own country† (Mathisen 576). Black Muslims stressed their own identity and black racial supremacy. They had little desire to integrate and would have rather made America their own Islamic nation. With such a heavy goal, they decided to become a part of the Civil Rights Movement and obtain the rights that they believed were due to them. Malcolm X was brought into the Nation of Islam and it became his inspiration to gain equal rights for African Americans. He actually, despite Elijah Muhammad’s influence, was the leader who made the Nation of Islam a prominent and powerful force in the United States. Unlike Martin Luther King, Jr. , Malcolm X believed in violence as a means for blacks to gain better standing in society. People looked to him as the militant, uncompromising man who would use violence when needed to scare whites into accepting their conditions. He too believed, as many black Muslims, that building black institutions and defending blacks was far more important than integrating into society. Through men like Malcolm X and Elijah Muhammad, â€Å"the Nation of Islam attracted thousands of urban blacks to the disciplined life of abstinence, prayer, and black self-determination† (Kelley 478). Although their techniques were different in achieving civil rights for African Americans, this religion of Islam motivated people just like Christianity to fight for equality and justice. As religious leaders began to speak up and stand up against the prejudices that African Americans faced, organizations began to form to further the effectiveness of the struggle for civil rights. One such organization is Congress for Racial Equality, or CORE. This group, which organized direct nonviolent protests, branched off of the Fellowship of Reconciliation. The Fellowship of Reconciliation was a Christian pacifist group formed during World War I. They, like Martin Luther King, Jr. , believed in the ideas of Mahatma Gandhi and implemented Christian values into their approach (Kelley 450). The Christian Movement for Human Rights (ACMHR) focused on destroying legalized segregation, particularly on downtown stores and municipal facilities. Another association that sprung up out of religious roots is the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). By 1957, Martin Luther King, Jr. and several black ministers from the South came together to form this organization which was based on the â€Å"Montgomery experience† (Kelley 470). One of their major accomplishments during this time was that they held conferences and organized people, such as when a group of some twenty thousand people came together in Washington, D. C. to pray for civil rights legislation. The fact that a mass amount of people came to pray that day gave others in the church the inspiration to look beyond their own means and to see things occurring which have never before. This gave African Americans hope and led more of them to these gatherings since they know that their desire for justice can be heard. Religion had a major effect on the Civil Rights Movement. Even when it was on an individual level such as with Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X, the effects of religion trickle down into the masses. Speech after speech, African Americans became inspired and empowered by them and began to believe in things beyond their own human capacity. Blacks turned to divine beings as a means to achieve equality and justice. Religion helped teach them to ignore the years of discrimination and damage to their self-esteem. It gave them the power to stand strong in the face of hurt and in the face of humiliation. Without religion, the Civil Rights Movement would not have had the unity, and hope that allowed it to continue on. At the same time, however, the enemies of the movement found their muse to keep segregation and discrimination. Religion was then used by them too as a means to protect their way of life and maintain the status over blacks that they had ingrained in them since the time of slavery. Religion had a mixed influence over the movement, but in the end African Americans would see the day when they gained those civil rights. They would see the day when blacks have equality under the law in America. How to cite Influence of Religion on the Civil Rights Movement, Papers

Martha Ballard Essays - Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, Womens History

Martha Ballard We as a society are fortunate. We have the luxury of advanced technology to include: computers, telephones, video teleconferencing equipment, cellular phones, beepers, and hospitals with the latest gadgets and gizmos. Our technology is available only because of documented historical accounts. Our idea of work is having to get in our vehicles and driving to our destination and sometimes sitting behind a desk all day to push paper; the worst any of us suffers is a traffic jam here or there or worse, a construction site. Imagine life in the late eighteenth century. People in this era had to deal with not only getting up at dawn to milk the cows, but toiling for hours on end with animals that refused to budge. Individuals in this era did not have the luxury of using the technological tools we have today. They could not pull out their cell phones if the mule decided to have a bad day or if they injured themselves on the job. Achieving prosperity was not easily done! during this century. The demands placed upon them, required that farmers and merchants work endlessly to provide for their families. Through our education, we have learned that farmers worked and played very hard. We are not however, taught in great detail the vital role a midwife played. Midwives had literally to be available at the drop of a hat to attend a birth. If she was not there, it could cause potential problems for the mother-to-be and the newborn. Martha Ballard, a woman that is not generally listed in history books, played a vital role in the latter part of the eighteenth century. She is a woman of great strength and character who goes above the call of duty in her chosen profession - that of a Midwife. Martha Ballard is a woman who has not only lived through the Revolution, but who has kept a diary detailing the gains and losses that we made in political, economic and social transformations during the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries (Ulrich, 32)! . Mrs. Ballard's diary has been around for many years. Historians who know about the diary seldom know what to do with it (Ulrich, 8). Some feel that her diary is boring and filled with too many details of domestic chores and pastimes to be worthy of any great exploration (Baker, 14). "That Martha Ballard kept her diary is one small miracle; that her descendants saved it is another (Ulrich, 346)." This statement speaks volumes. How often have we come across documents our ancestors left behind and just threw them away? How often did we sit and examine those documents or analyze their meaning? Speculating on why Ballard kept the diary and why her family saved it, Ulrich highlights the documents' usefulness for historians (Mullaney, 102). Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, an Associate Professor of History (at the time of publication) at the University of New Hampshire in Durham, took the time to evaluate Martha Ballard's diary and connect the missing links in the role women played d! uring the early years of colonial America. Her ardent studies led her to believe that the diary was more than just the detailing of domestic duties it was describing a "lost substructure of eighteenth century life" - a decidedly female one (Baker, 14). Martha Ballard was more than a midwife. She was a historian, mortician, pharmacist, nurse, farmer, mother, and wife (Ulrich 40). Perhaps it was a sense of history or a craving for stability, perhaps only a practical need to keep birth records, that first motivated Martha to keep a diary. "Thee number of childn I have Extracted since I came to Kennebeck I find by written account & other Calculations to be 405," she wrote on December 31, 1791. (Ulrich,20) Martha was fifty years old when she began documenting her experiences crossing the Kennebec River and events of that era. She moved to this area at the tender of age nineteen when she married the loyal Tory and surveyor, Ephraim Ballard. She shows us a history of the female economy and how women were regarded. When reading diaries, one expects to find statements about the people the author meets, not in Martha's diary. One does not find malicious or crude remarks made by Martha about any of the people she helped. Even when her son wanted nothing to do with her, she still does not say an unkind word about him: Son

Hamlet Commentary Essays

Hamlet Commentary Essays Hamlet Commentary Paper Hamlet Commentary Paper Hamlet, written by William Shakespeare, is one of his greatest tragedy. It is the story of the prince of Denmark, Hamlet, whose father has been murdered by his uncle who now wears the crown. However in Act I, scene iii, there is an interesting contradiction presented by the author. This is the scene where Laertes tells Ophelia to be good while he leaves for college and gives her advice on life. Through this scene one may see three interesting aspects of the characters; the unwanted resemblance between Laertes and his father Polonius, the untrusting relation that they have and the power struggle that Ophelia represents. The way Shakespeare shows these three aspects of the characters in this scene is through the diction, irony , and the symbol that Ophelia represents. The reader may perceive those three eminent aspects of the characters through the diction used by Shakespeare in this scene. In the dialogue between Ophelia and Laertes at the beginning of the scene he uses specific words, and a sarcastic tone that makes the reader understand what type of men Laertes really is. When Ophelia says Do not as some ungracious pastors do,/ Show me the steep and thorny way to heaven,/ Whiles like a puffd and reckless libertine/ Himself the primrose path of dalliance treads,/ And recks not his own rede. ( Shakespeare. I, iii, ll 47-51) What the reader understands from that passage is that Laertes is a man that has a very festive and wild life when he is not at home, yet he tells his sister to be chaste, and lock herself up from men. : Because she says that she will take his advice if he himself applies it too when he is away, this show that Laertes is the opposite of what he advices his sister to be. This is one contradiction that Shakespeare uses to criticize the society of his time and the womens place in it. Yet it is even more ironic when one knows that Shakespeare wrote this play during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, was it to criticize her for being queen while it was a mans job? However the contradiction stands even stronger when Polonius, Ophelia and Laertes father, renew this advice later on in the scene. There again Shakespeares choice of words put forward even more this contradiction, and the unwanted resemblance between Polonius and Laertes. As it is seen when Polonius says: This above all: to thine own self be true,/ And it must follow as the night the day/ Thou canst not then be false to any man. (Shakespeare, I, iii, ll. 78-80) There Polonius is doing the same thing as Laertes did to Ophelia when he tells her to follow his advice. Polonius is telling Laertes to be true, while him himself is not a truthful person for he spies on Laertes later on in the play. This is proof of their unwanted resemblance. Irony is often used by Shakespeare in this scene. He uses it to make the reader ponder on the meaning of the actions and true personality of the characters in the scene. Again when Ophelia declares that she will accept the advice if Laertes does the same on his side, he changes the subject and tries to leave. However, his father, who enters at the same time, ironically gives him the same type of advice that Laertes just has given to Ophelia. Polonius tells Laertes how he should live his life when he goes away and Laertes just told Ophelia how to live her life when he is gone. This shows the resemblance between the father and the son. They both give advice before looking at themselves. The resemblance is further seen later in the play when Polonius sends a spy to see if his son is really studying or having fun. The reader can then draw the conclusion that when Polonius was young he too had a wild life, and knows what he was like at that age, therefore he expects the worse out of his son. However both of them seem to not accept the resemblances that they have, creating an untrusting and unloving relationship between them. It seems as though Ophelia is always in the middle, and always obeys to whatever she is told to do or say, which is again a reference of the roles of women in the society of those times. Ophelia in this scene is a very important character and she has a lot of power over the two men that she lives with. Shakespeare shows this strength through the answers that she gives to both her brother and father. She always obeys to everything that is asked of her. This is done to show the reader that in those times women had to do always as they were told, by men, for in the hierarchy of things they were placed after men and would never be heir to the familys riches. As well as they could dishonor the entire family if when she marries, she would not be chaste. Yet she represents a struggle for power between Laertes and Polonius. When Polonius finds out that Laertes has given Ophelia advice that a father should give, he feels that he has lost the power to control her, and therefore repeats the same thing that Laertes just said. Giving another reason to their bad relationship, since both of them want to be in control over Ophelia, there is always some competition between them at some level. This struggle between father and son furthermore emphasize Ophelias power, and importance to the scene. Because she says what he brother and father want to hear, such as I shall obey, my lord. (Shakespeare, I, iii, ll. 136), therefore leaving them both to think that they have power over her, while this is proven wrong at the end of the play when she commits suicide. This furthermore shows that she has control and power over her own life, showing another way Shakespeare defend womens position in society. This scene is of great importance to the play, for it is not only about a son leaving for college and a father giving him advice on life, and an obeying daughter; it is more Shakespeares way to give the reader a perspective on his society. One may also notice that the struggle between Laertes and Polonius is a symbol for a greater struggle; the one between Hamlet and the King. In both cases they want to have control over a women, whether it be Ophelia or Gertrude, Hamlets mom also known as the Queen. Polonius represent the King; who seems innocent to everyone, but to the audience, and Laertes represents the prince Hamlet. Hamlet is represented by Laertes in this scene because like Laertes he is trying to have control over a women that it is not for him to have control over, and they are both being spied on for their behavior by their fathers. Shakespeare could not have done away with this scene for it is crucial to the main plot, and to criticize his own society at the time the play was written. Bibliography: Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. Ed. Gill, Roma Oxford School Shakespeare. Oxford University Press. New York. 1997.

Definition and Examples of Direct Address in English

Definition and Examples of Direct Address in English In English grammar  and rhetoric, direct address is a construction in which a speaker or writer communicates a message directly to another individual or group of individuals. The person who is addressed may be identified by name,  nickname, the pronoun you, or an expression  thats  either friendly or unfriendly.   Conventionally, the name of the individual whos addressed is set off by a comma or a pair of commas. Direct Address Examples and Observations Hey SpongeBob,  can I borrow the cheese bucket?(Patrick in SpongeBob SquarePants)Youve been given a gift, Peter. With great power, comes great responsibility.(Cliff Robertson as Ben Parker in Spider-Man 2, 2004)Smokey, my friend, you are entering a world of pain.(John Goodman as Walter Sobchak in The Big Lebowski, 1998Frankly, my dear, I dont give a damn!(Rhett Butlers final words to Scarlett OHara in Margaret Mitchells novel, Gone With the Wind, 1936Richard Vernon: My office is right across that hall. Any monkey business is ill-advised. Any questions?John Bender: Yeah, I have a question. Does Barry Manilow know that you raid his wardrobe?Richard Vernon: Youll get the answer to that question, Mr. Bender, next Saturday.(Paul Gleason and Judd Nelson in The Breakfast Club, 1985)Ilsa: Play it, Sam. Play As Time Goes By.Sam: Oh, I cant remember it, Miss Elsa. Im a little rusty on it.(Ingrid Bergman and Dooley Wilson in Casablanca, 1942Ilsa, Im no good at being noble, but it doesnt take much to see that the problems of three little people dont amount to a hill of beans in this crazy world. Someday youll understand that. Now, now . . .. Heres looking at you, kid.(Humphrey Bogart in Casablanca, 1942 And you, my father, there on the sad height,Curse, bless, me now with your fierce tears, I pray.Do not go gentle into that good night.Rage, rage against the dying of the light.(Dylan Thomas, Do not go gentle into that good night)You idiot, what  are you doing working in this poorhouse crammed with rotten guavas full of maggots, and you rotting just like them?(Reinaldo Arenas, The Palace of the White Skunks, trans. by  Andrew Hurley, 1991)Hey, you old bastard, Chick said. How you doin?  Chick came down the final two steps, pushed Tommy aside, grabbed Franciss hand, threw an arm around his shoulder, slapped his back. You old bastard,  Chick said. â€Å"Where you been?(William Kennedy, Very Old Bones,  1992) Direct Address and the Pronoun You It is clear that a  term of address is always  closely linked with the pronoun you,  which in itself has vocative qualities. One could say, in fact, that whenever pronominal you  is used in direct address, vocative you is implicitly present.  The two kinds of you  are inextricably bound together, though  in an utterance like You! What do you think youre doing! the first you is clearly vocative, where the others are pronominal.Pronominal and vocative you differ in their attitudinal marking. The former is neutral, the latter unfriendly.  Pronominal you also conforms to normal rules of syntax; vocative you does not need to do so. Vocative you,  finally, allows substitution. In You! What do you think youre doing! vocative you could be replaced by darling, John, you stupid fool, and innumerable other terms of address, all of which could be described as vocative-you variants. That point is significant because the  corollary of my statement that vocative you is always im plicitly present when pronominal you is used in  direct address, is  that pronominal you is always implicitly present when vocative you is used.(Leslie Dunkling, A Dictionary of Epithets and Terms of Address, 1990) The RhetoricalUse of My Friends in Direct Address -  My friends, [Senator] John McCain recently informed a crowd, we spent $3 million of your money to study the DNA of bears in Montana. . . .McCain . . . referred to my friends another 11 times. . . .Is this a doctrine of pre-emptive friendship immediately declaring crowds won over with an oratorical mission accomplished? Perhaps, but McCains friending is a strategy that hearkens back to classical rhetoric. Horaces call to amici performed a similar function in ancient Rome, and Tennysons 1833 poem Ulysses drew upon that tradition for the immortal lines: Come, my friends/ Tis not too late to seek a newer world. . . .But as a crowd bludgeon in modern political speechmaking, my friends can be laid at the feet of one man: William Jennings Bryan. His famed 1896 Cross of Gold speech at the Democratic National Convention invoked the phrase a mind-crushing 10 times.(Paul Collins, MFer. Salon.com, September 1, 2008)- Now, my friends, let me come to the great paramount issue.(William Jennin gs Bryan, Cross of Gold speech, July 9, 1896)- Words matter,  my friends.(Hillary Clinton, speaking in  Des Moines, Iowa, on August 10, 2016)- [W]e come to the  friendship of association, which is certainly the most common meaning of the word friend.  Some years ago the comedian Red Skelton impersonated a politician giving a campaign  speech. My friends he wheezed, and you are my friends, he quickly sputtered, and dont tell me youre not my friends, because nobodys going to tell me who my friends are. Obviously, the friends he was talking about were friends of association, acquaintances where there is little or no affection, or where people interact on some friendly basis.(John M. Reisman, Anatomy of Friendship, 1979) Visual Forms of Direct Address Gunther Kress and Theo van Leeuwen [in Reading Images, 1996]  note that  images in which the gaze  is directed at the viewer of the image create a visual form of direct address. It acknowledges the viewers explicitly, addressing them with a visual you.  Kress and  van Leeuwen call these images demand images because they demand that the viewer enters into some kind of imaginary relation with him or her. A classic example of the demand image is  the Uncle Sam recruiting poster, I Want YOU.  (Cara A. Finnegan, Studying Visual Modes of Public Address. The Handbook of Rhetoric and Public Address, ed. by  Shawn J. Parry-Giles and  J. Michael Hogan, 2010) Direct Address in the Media [In many] contexts,  for example,  television comedy or commercials, news and current affairs programmes, ​direct address is the accepted convention, although not everyone has the right to address the viewer directly. Anchorpersons and on-camera reporters  may look at the camera but interviewers may not. In chat shows, hosts may use direct address but guests may not. In other words, direct address is a privilege which the media profession has by and large reserved for itself.(Theo  van Leeuwen, Moving English: The Visual Language of Film. Redesigning English: New Texts, New Identities, ed. by  Sharon Goodman and David Graddol, 1996)   Ellen Gilchrists Address to Her WritingStudents Dear Students,If you are not writing well and happily, or if you feel your writing is forced, stop for a while and read or go out into the world and watch building projects or street-repair crews or get a job in a mall for Christmas or get into the car and drive to a city and look at art. Learn, learn, learn, be curious, and, if possible, uncritical. Everywhere men and women are doing wonderful things, marvelous things, interesting things. Write paragraphs about what you see and dont try to turn them into anything but praise and understanding. . . .Learn, learn, learn, read, read, read. I will be thinking about you and wishing you well every day.Ellen(Ellen Gilchrist, The Writing Life. University Press of Mississippi, 2005 The Lighter Side of Direct Address Cassio: Dost thou hear, mine honest friend?Clown: No, I hear not your honest friend. I hear you.(William Shakespeare, Othello, Act Three, scene 1)Son, you got a panty on your head.(Truck driver addressing H.I. McDunnough in Raising Arizona, 1987)

Nato and United Nation on the Conflict in Kosovo Essay

Nato and United Nation on the Conflict in Kosovo - Essay Example Kosovo is located in Southern Serbia and has a population of majority Albanians. Until 1989, the region was autonomous within Yugoslavia. Kosovo conflict refers to armed struggles in Kosovo province, Yugoslavia. From 1998 to 1999, there was an armed clashes caused by the Kosovo Liberation Army who wanted independence from the Yugoslav Military and Serbian police (Singh 2009). Between March and June 1999, NATO launched an air strikes and patrols on FR Yugoslavia while the KLA continued with their wars with Yugoslav Security Forces. This led to a large population displacement. NATO’s intervention in Kosovo was to stop the humanitarian crisis and restore peace stability in the region. Despite numerous challenges during 78 days of aerial strikes, more than 37,000 excursions occurred and 10,484 of the strike attacks happened without any fatalities. NATO’s objectives were to help for the achievement of a peaceful resolution to the crisis at hand and to promote security in nei ghboring nations especially in Albania and Macedonia. The involvement of NATO's was to settle the war in the most peaceful way. Their involvement, however, brought more problems than solutions. Albanians not only fought amongst each other but also NATO soldier (Kaplan 2010). The world's involvement in the conflict angered both sides of the conflict. Other objectives of NATO and the UN in Kosovo were; to stop to all military action and end repression, the withdrawal of the military and paramilitary forces from Kosovo, the setting up of international military in Kosovo, the unconditional return of all refugees and displaced persons and unstoppable access to them by humanitarian organizations and the establishment of a political agreement in conformity the Charter of the United Nations and international law. To show that NATO and UN did not act objectively in the conflict, in Kosovo, there were claims by Yugoslavia that NATO raids caused between 1,000 and 6000 civilian casualties. NATO 's secretary general, Lord Robertson, admitted after the conflict that the exact human lives claimed will never be known. Figures in Human Rights Watch reports estimate between 490 and 530 civilian demises, 80 to 140 resulting from cluster bombing. Kosovo attacks were deadly due to many confused refugee movements. On the ground, there was ethnic cleansing by the Serbians that led to 300,000 Kosovo Albanians fleeing to Albania and Macedonia with thousands more internally displaced in Kosovo. The United Nations reported that 850,000 people had fled their homes. The choice of targets to hit was highly controversial. The destruction of bridges at the Danube disrupted shipping on the river after the war causing economic challenges to countries along the river. The attack on industrial facilities damaged the economies of many local towns. These examples show that the organization did not act objectively in pursing their objectives. Moreover, the Serbian government and a numerous internati onal pressure groups accused NATO of carrying out war crimes during the war. For instance, the bombing of a Serbian television headquarters in Belgrade on April 1999 led to 16 deaths and numerous injuries. This was a deliberate attack on a civilian property hence constituting war crimes. The argument for NATO’

Impressionism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Impressionism - Essay Example It started as a movement in painting in France in the late 1860s and various artists such as Claude Monet, Camille Pissarro, Auguste Renoir, and Alfred Sisley are associated with the founding of this movement. The main features of impressionism as an art movement includes its emphasis on naturalistic landscape, subjective aspect of art, the topics of modern urban life and other commonplace subject matters, portrayal of light in its varying qualities, etc. Most essentially, this movement influenced and inspired trends in other areas such as sculpture, music, and literature. Specifically, impressionism influenced literature in various ways and helped in the growth of literature considerably. As Marlies Kronegger (1973) maintains, impressionism in literature built up its own style and techniques, although painting dominated all the other art forms during the period 1875-85. From the time it originated, it has been one of the prevailing literary styles existent in world literature today and the impressionist creations in various countries are derived from the same basic idea. (Kronegger, 33) Therefore, it is important to maintain that impressionism is one of the key literary terms today as it refers to the literary styles and techniques based on the general framework of impressionism as an art movement. This paper makes a comprehensive exploration of the term impressionism in order to define and explicate impressionism as an extremely valuable rhetorical tool in literature today.

Subcultural Theories of Youth Offending

Subcultural Theories of Youth Offending Introduction The essay will look at historical subcultural theories and explanations which play a role in explaining youth offending behaviour. It will in particular focus on deviant and radical subcultural theories including theories from Merton and Cohen and look at ways in which these theories are still prevalent amongst contemporary society and continue to be relevant. The essay will consist of an in dept critical analysis of the arguments put forward. Browne (2000) defines a subculture as a group of people who hold their own norms, culture, ethnicity, sexuality and values. Subcultures are smaller cultures held by a group of people within a larger culture in the society of which they belong to. Crime and deviance subcultural explanations of deviance advocate that those individuals who commit deviant behaviours share similar values which are to an extent differentiated from the main values of society The dissertation will critically review the literature. It is useful to do this as it helps to identify to the validity of the literature. In carrying out a critical literature review it aids in ensuring that new research into the topic avoids the errors found in some earlier research. Aims and objectives of the dissertation will be to critically analyse literature of historical theorists well known for their work associated with early deviant subcultural theories and to explore their relevance within contemporary society and demonstrate how historical ideas differ and/or are similar with ideas from society today. Other aims and objectives include carrying out a critical analysis on the work of these theorists and of sources which information has derived from. Literature Early Radical and Deviant subcultural theories Robert Merton put forward the theory of anomie/ strains which posed of great relevance to subcultural theories in the origins of deviant subcultural theorists. The theory suggest that deviance is a means used to achieve societys goals when they cannot be achieved through legitimate means due to factors such as socio economic factors, disadvantages in education and job prospects. This can then place strain upon these individuals as they want to achieve the goals but lack the opportunity for doing so by conventional means, (Cote, 2002). Great Britain Department for Work and Pensions (2004) in their sixth annual report state that many neighbourhoods have been subject to a spiral of decline. Areas with high unemployment and crime rates attain bad reputations resulting in businesses and employers to move out and which means there is high turnover and plenty of housing which is left empty posing opportunity for crime, vandalism and drug dealing. This supports Mertons view that deviance may in actual fact be a result of deprived areas posing disadvantages on individuals. This provides strong support for Mertons theory as it has been derived from a credible government organisations findings which have been providing data for the government for six years. Cohen (1955) criticised Mertons theory however and states that it does not account for crimes which are committed for no apparent reason. He fails to address why acts of deviance may take place where they fail to provide any monetary value. Cohen believes that acts of deviance take place out of fun not out of necessity. He also believes that crime does not take place on an individual level but as a collective problem for gang members who seek audiences in order to gain status and respect. In addition Cohen (1973) states that undesirable subcultures may be used as scapegoats for the government and law officials with the aim of creating moral panic so they can be viewed as fighting off these delinquents. There have been occasions when the governments claims have been questioned. BBC (2002) talk about the government placing blame for the growth of youth crime on incompetent and violent parents. Questions however have been raised as to whether the government is evading responsibility for the increase of crime levels to parents. This can however only be a matter of raising questions as to whether or not the government exercise the use of scapegoating. Baerveldt et al (2006) used criteria from work carried out by Goode and Yehuda to carry out an investigation to prove the hypothesis that a moral panic relating to youth crime has been prevalent since the 1990s in the Netherlands. They had found that most of the criteria identified by Good and Yehuda had been met however it was unclear that the underpinning of this moral panic was solely down to beurocratic processes. There were also flaws identified with the methodology or the research and Baerveld et al felt that future research should be more comparative looking at moral local panics or comparing panics with non-panics. This suggests that the finding from this study may not be as significant as the methodology may have been flawed. The work carried out by various sociologists in The Chicago School also contributed to the origins of deviant subcultural theories. Hopkins Burke (2008) speaks of the Sociologist Ernest Burges who put forward a theory of social disorganisation in 1928. The University of Chicago Centennial Catalogues (2010) state that Burgess played a central role in research which he contributed to the Chicago School of sociology. He observed that there was a high presence of criminal behaviour in the zones of transition. He put this down to the constant expansion of the business district into these areas resulting in the displacement of residents in this area. As this was one of the most desirable zones to live in, it was an area of attraction for immigrants who were too poor to live elsewhere. Burges claimed that this resulted in the weakening of family and communities due to social patterns. Shaw and McKay state that it is neighbourhood organisation which allowed or prevented offending behaviour. They noted that parents of youths from neighbourhoods which were wealthier fulfilled their childrens needs resulting in less crime in the areas. However they stated that in the zone of transition families were strained as a result of migration, poverty and rapid urban growth. Left with little support children and young people had no social constraints placed on them therefore were more likely to seek friends in the streets of the city in search for excitement. It can be argued however that poverty does not always lead to crime as there are people who want to break the cycle of poverty and change their lives around. BBC (2005) state that the cycle of poverty (As shown in Appendix 1) is where families or communities become trapped in poverty as a result of limited resources such as education, and finance. Breaking the cycle of poverty can be demonstrated by the self made millionaire Sir Alan Sugar; his early life began by being brought up in a council estate. It can be said that in some situations being bought up in poverty may have a positive effect on some people, Barke and OHare (1991). However sometimes it may be necessary to commit crimes in order to break thee cycle of poverty. Jenks (2005) stated that The Chicago School contributed to the discovery of new and different people. Subcultural studies by The Chicago School discovered new ways of life and different sides of cities. Albert Cohen is a well known theorist for contributing to early US deviant subculture theories throughout the 1940s and 1950s. Burke (2005) talks about Cohens deviant subculture theory, which suggests that it is the family position in the social structure which determines the childs actions in later life. Cohen states that juvenile delinquents were motivated to offend in order to achieve status, with their offending serving no real purpose. He questioned acts of deviance which were non finance motivated such as vandalism. He put this down to a term which he described as status frustration. He talks about mainly working class boys who are denied of any status achievement through education which ultimately leads to failings in education and future prospects. This according to Cohen caused frustration due to the lack of goal achievement and as a result they formed delinquent subcultures in order to create new achievable goals of their own. Moreover Cohen believes they take middle class values and rebel against them. This theory replaces the emphasis that Merton placed on financial incentive for delinquent behaviour with the focus being on the achievement of status. Cohen rightly shows how deviance is a rational response to life and indicates how it can be learnt through peer groups. Moreover Cohens theory offers a good explanation for non utilitarian crimes. Cloward and Ohlin in Downes and Rock (1988) disagree with Cohen and state that he overrated the role of school and education as the cause of delinquency. Short and Strodbeck (1974) however found little evidence to support Cohens claims of rejection towards middle class values of society within gangs Cohen has also been criticised for not accounting for female deviance and emphasising too much on males. Home Office (2003) looks at the summary of cautioning rates for non-monitoring offences by sex from 1992 to 2002 (see Appendix 2). This summary shows female cautioning to be relatively low, accounting for an average of 10% up until 1996. The rate then increases by a substantial amount between 1997 up until 1999 where at one point it is the same as males. From 2000 to 2002 there is a drop in the female figures. This shows that females do also account for offending behaviours and also shows how societys situation can change over the years and therefore one single theory which applies at one stage may not be sufficient enough to apply at later stages and therefore goes against the relevance of early deviant subcultural theories with regards to contemporary society. Albert Cohen is a well known for his work with relation to sociological explanations of theories of gangs; his theories have played an important role throughout the 1940s and 1950s. Cohens work has been of high relevance throughout the decades and continues to provide foundation for contemporary society, (Kinnear, 2009). The notion of the family position being a factor in causing deviant behaviour is also supported by Albert. K. Cohen who talks about breakdown of the family controls being a casualty of gang membership, (Cohen 1955). Albert Cohens work is supported by another well know researcher, Albert. K. Cohen and therefore provides more support for Albert Cohens claim that status achievement provides a source of encouragement for gang membership. ESRC Society Today (2009) state that members of organised gangs are generally males who are from broken families and lower class backgrounds. It is said that they may join gangs as they are more likely to gain moral support from them which encourages excuses of violence and criminal activities. They also spoke about the link between social class and crime in deprived neighbourhoods. This shows how the work of Cohen is still reflected in modern day society. Smith (2007) supports this by claiming that the majority of young offenders derive from broken homes and that gangs usually consist of boys who have never been a part of an intact family. This supports the view that broken homes contribute to delinquent behaviour. This provides support for the notion that it is males who are usually involved in gangs is still consistent with modern day ideologies. Macdonald (1995) also supports the view that it is generally males who join gangs and states that males gain identity from being in a gang whereas women tend to pursue independence. Muncie (2004) discusses Cohens work further and talks about the concept of status frustration which is similar to Mertons anomie/strain theory. It states that children who are lower class feel this notion of status frustration as they feel they can not meet the same criteria as the children from the middle class so they seek groups who share similar status frustration in which they fit in better. Muncies claim demonstrates that Cohens work is still relevant to modern day researchers. This view can be supported by the work of Gold and Mann (1972) who found that it was students who achieved lower grades with the most involvement in delinquent behaviour. They also reported that these students felt threatened by academic failure which lowered their self esteem and delinquency was a factor which was identified in order to raise esteem. This link can still be found in schools. Wales News (2009) states that only 28 percent of children who were entitled to receive free school meals received 5 GCSEs graded A* to C whilst 62% of other pupils received these grades. This shows the link between social deprivation and underachievement as children who receive free school meals are receiving school meals as a result of social deprivation. This is a neo-Marxist argument in the sense that it suggests that the most powerful culture in society (middle class children who do not get free school meals) will over rule the lower class in terms of education and future prospects (children who receive free school meals). According to the Marx class theory the bourgeoisie (the capital class) are economically the dominant class, as a result of their ownership and control of means of production. Neo Marxists also claimed the bourgeoisies were politically the ruling class. The proletariat (the working class) are property-less and must work for the bourgeoisies in order to sustain a living, (Messner and Krohn, 1990). Therefore it can be said that neo-Marxist views are consistent ideologies which are evident within everyday contemporary society. Social Justice Challenge (2007) state that more than 3 in 4 of young offenders have no educational qualifications. This supports the view that the majority of delinquents lack in education and this may be the underlying factor which influences delinquency. This shows that in actual fact modern day society does project similar notions as ones identified in the 90s and therefore the changing nature of contemporary society does not invalidate theories which were established in the past completely. Cloward and Ohlin like Cohen and Matza and Skye, were known for contributing towards early deviant subcultural theories. They build on the work of the strain disorganised perspectives in their theory of differential association theory and state that delinquency was most prevalent within lower class subcultures however they take different forms. They propose three different types of deviant subcultures and state that the ability for them to develop depends on the opportunities available to them to commit deviant crimes and also the area in which they derive from (Burke, 2008). This is however based on a subjective nature and therefore may not be sufficient enough to solely rely on this theory. It can be argued that the validity of this may be supported in the sense that a number of different theorists share similar notions which have derived from the work they have carried out. In addition their view is also supported by findings from a study conducted by Elliott and Ageton (1985) who studied National samples and found that lower class youths committed four times as many offences as middle class youths and one and a half times as many as working class youths. This supports the views that delinquency is more prevalent within the lower classes. The figures of these samples however may not show the true statistics as they may not account for the dark figures of crime, which Koffman (1996) defines as crimes which have not been reported such as white collar crimes. White collar crimes are crimes which are committed by people who are educated with a high social status. These crimes are hard to detect as they are often carried out by highly intelligent individuals and can therefore be less visible than blue collar crimes which are usually committed by the working class., (Sutherland, 1945). Examples of white collar crime can be demonstrated with the recent MPs expenses scandal in 2009 which went undetected for a long period of time. Tittle (1995) argues that the impact of social class on crime is a myth. Although there may be some truth on this claim, it is of a subjective nature which is presented without any supporting findings to back it up with. Thee first of the three deviant subcultures identified is by Cloward and Ohlin was criminal gangs which are believed to emerge in areas where there are conventional and non conventional codes of behaviour with the combination of lawful and unlawful businesses. BBC (2009) report that the criminal gangs in the UK are costing the country up to  £40bn a year and about 30,000 criminals in the UK are members of organised crime gangs. They have also been described as having derived from areas which hold similar traits to those described by early subcultural theories. The second of the identified deviant subcultures was the conflict or violent gang which develop from individuals from unstable backgrounds. It is defined as grouping which develops as a result of absence of stable criminal organisation and consists of members who seek status and reputation from committing violent crimes which are often carried out as random acts of crime. Guardian (2005) talks about criminal gangs from several neighbourhoods in London who call themselves Muslim Boys in order to pretend they have links with global terrorism and to gain status by causing fear within public domain. The third of these is the retreatist gang who are individuals who retreat to sex, drugs and crime as a result of failure in successfully perusing legitimate and illegitimate opportunities. National Youth Violence Prevention Resource Centre (2004), describes gangs which are involved in similar activities and hold traits similar to the retreatist gang which Cloward and Ohlin identified. This shows that all three gangs described by Cloward and Ohlin are still prevalent in modern day society and suggests that their research may not be in dated. However it is important to remember that although the types of gangs identified still exist there may be many more different types which have formed during the years. According to Sykes and Matza (1957) delinquents drift in and out of offending. They state that this delinquent behaviour fluctuates due to the neutralisation theory which attempts to explain how deviants try to justify their deviant behaviours by explaining to themselves and others their lack of guilt. They identified five different types of rationalisations, these are, denial of responsibility, denial of injury, the denial of the victim, the condemnation of condemners and the appeal to higher loyalties. This theory attempts to explain why delinquents drift in and out of delinquency as many delinquents feel or express remorse and guilt as a result of their criminal act. Another reason for this may be because delinquents frequently show respect for law abiding citizens. Sykes and Matzas (1957) techniques of neutralisation were introduced at a time in society where there were great concerns over juvenile delinquency, this meant they had a large sample of delinquents to study as there was a large outbreak of delinquency within society at this moment in time. Post modern deviant subcultural theories Post-modernism rejects the idea that theories or meta-narratives are sufficient enough to apply to modernity. Post modern theories state that it is aspects such as fashion, image and popular culture which are most relevant. It stressed that contemporary Britain consists of diverse and fragmented social groups from different backgrounds, (Hopkins-Burke and Sunly 1998). An example of post-modern youth culture is rap music. Hopkins-Burke and Sunley (2008) state that in the 1990s gangsta rap which is a form of black music that derived from the USA became a popular phenomenon in Britain. This style of music promoted problems to stem from the white culture and carried out criminal activity as a solution to this problem. This style of music is also popular within other ethnic groups. Osgerby (2004) stated that there was a rise in gangsta rap around the 1980s and 90s which provides support for Hopkins- Burke and Sunlys theory as modernity may bring about new trends, fashion and culture which influence delinquent behaviour. The songs of gangsta rappers such as Tupac Shakur and Notorious B.I.G were far from discreet in rapping about guns, violence and their hate for the police. Critics stated that their music could promote crime and violence within society as people looked up to them and may have seen it as a cool concept. This is also supported by the Guardian (2005) who talks about criminal gangs around London who communicate in slang, most of which had derived from black American rap music. Seifert (2009) also supports this by claiming that children absorb information like a sponge and that because of this they are likely to withdraw into a world of fantasy and misinterpretation of the violence and lifestyle portrayed in rap music. Sutherland (1937) warns of the dangers of preconditions for criminal behaviour such as motivation and attitudes which have to be learnt. This supports the views that the messages gangsta rap music promote may pose to be a detrimental threat according to Sutherlands views. Deviant subculture theories were revisited and revised by neo-Marxist sociologists and criminologists at the Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies (BCCCS). They observed that deviant subcultures were a result of structural economic problems created by social change. The work by BCCCs was in some way similar to Merton and The Chicago School theories as they all suggest similar factors and concepts play a role in influencing deviant subcultures. The BCCCS focused on mainstream youth and delinquency and spectacular youth subcultures (Hopkins-Burke 2008) Hopkins Burke and Sunley (1988) state that early British subcultural theories focused on levels of economic activity and the structural class analysis playing a key role in explaining delinquency. A good example of this can be demonstrated by the Global credit crunch which we are currently experiencing. Telegraph (2008) stated that a leaked home office letter revealed that the credit crunch could lead to a crime wave in the form of more crime and more illegal immigration. This shows that when people are suffering from lack of finance, crime is more likely to be carried out as a result in order to sustain a living. Hopkins-Burke and Sunely (1998) looked closer into such mainstream deviant subcultures. They talked about work carried out by Paul Corrigan whose work was highly influenced by American subcultural theories. He carried out a study on males aged between 14 to 15 years old within two working class schools in Sunderland. This study observed the distribution of power within the school environment. He argues that school is a concept which has been forced on to working class children in which the system attempts to force middle class values upon them. This in turn led to the working class children rebelling. In terms of spectacular youth subcultures, this was subcultures which consisted of generally the working class young people who possessed a distinctive style which included dress, lifestyles, behaviour patterns and musical styles. The types of people which have been identified as falling into this category are individuals who are: Teddy Boys. Mods, Skinheads and Punks. SDFS (1999) talk about how clothing and style can be a trademark which is adopted by juvenile gangs. They state that gang members wear certain types of clothing, colours or having certain hairstyles and tattoos. This is a common phenomenon within modern society and is important to keep up with as it helps identify members within gangs and trace them back to the criminal activities they may have committed. Hopkins-Burke and Sunley (1998) state that early subcultural studies put forward the notion of young delinquents as being social climbers climbing up the social ladder from lower class to middle class. Cohen (1973) states however that creation does not justify behaviour. Later studies support the notion that subcultural theories continue to provide relevance in contemporary society. This is demonstrated by the work of Wilson. Wilson puts forward the underclass theory in which he states groups which are from isolated neighbourhoods acquire fewer legitimate opportunities available to them in the form of employment, education and job information networks. All these deprivations of opportunities helps raise the likelihood of people turning to deviant activities, (Wilson, 1991). Hopkins-burke and Sunley (1998) talk about William (1989) and Moore (1991) who refer to poverty as central to the underclass thesis which results in individuals attempting to gain economic through other means such as crime. Rodger Hopkins Burk has done a vast amount of research on post-modern subcultural theories, Hopkins Burke (2008) states that Rodger Hopkins Burke is Principle Lecturer for Criminology at Nottingham Trent University and therefore his work is of a credible nature. The importance of early subcultural theories has also been stressed by Bailey (2004) who states that during the past decades many theorists have contributed towards what we now consider as being contemporary criminology. In addition, Blackman (2005) has accused postmodernism of being reluctant to focus on social structure. However he states that post-modern theories offer useful critical insights but their theories lack substance and critical application to young peoples social, economic and cultural lives. Conclusion From this critical literature analysis, the conclusion can be drawn that no single theory can sufficiently explain all delinquent behaviours as it has been shown that there can be many factors which play a role in contributing towards the causes and motives of delinquency. Also it can be said that early subcultural theories are still of relevance to contemporary society, however solely cannot be used in explanations of delinquent behaviour in modern day society as it has been demonstrated by post modern theorists that other factors may influence delinquency as trends and fashion change with society. The literature review has sufficiently met all its aims and objectives which were to answer the question as to whether early deviant subcultural theories still prove to be relevant within contemporary society. Recent sources have been used to demonstrate similarities and differences apparent with regard to early deviant subcultural theories and modern day society. The literature review has also met aims of critically analysing research and sources. The literature review has looked into the history of subcultural theories which consisted of deviant and radical explanations of delinquency. Taylor et al (1975) defines radical delinquency as being a conservative theory of delinquency, which looks at theories put forward by theorists such as Marx. Hopkins Burke (2005) states that deviant subcultures share common notions which are that certain social groups have values and attitudes which influence delinquency. Many early subcultural theories have been put forward in order to explain deviant behaviour. Merton states that deviance occurs as a result of financial incentives whereas Cohen put forward the view that it is status frustration which motivates delinquency, other theorists such as Miller believe delinquency is related to class cultures and post modern theories state that it has got to do with certain trends prevalent within society at any given time such as influences from the Rap music culture. The analysis consists of work from The Chicago School who according to Colosi (2010) were the first major body to emerge during the 1920s to study youth offending. Theorist such as Albert Cohen, Cloward and Ohlin who were described by Cressey (1999) as pioneering theorists and praised for addressing both origin and transmissions of deviant subcultures. These theorists work has undoubtedly contributed vastly towards deviant subcultural theories in the past but also provided foundation for modern day theorists to base their work upon. This supports the view that early subcultural theories do provide relevance to modern day society and even if they may not be directly relevant they may pose relevance in the sense that their work can be further studied and built upon with relation to future research. Post-modern theories however raise the important issues of early deviant subcultural theories not being able to account for newer influences which derive as a result of changes in society. This has been shown by theorists such as Burke and Sunley (1988) who propose that delinquent behaviour may be influenced by aspects such as rap music, drugs and alcohol. Substance Abuse and Mental health Service Administration (2003) discuss findings from The National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA) (2000) which found a relationship between alcohol usage and emotional and behavioural problems in adolescents. These behavioural problems included delinquent and criminal behaviours. This supports the statement that other factors which have risen with societal changes play a role in influencing delinquent behaviour. Post modern studies help compare how society has changed throughout the years and are more up to date on modern day society and therefore has been able to provide newer insights into the causes and influences of deviant behaviours. According to Tanner (1996) early subcultural theories in the 1960s and 1970s were subjected to vast amount of criticisms. He claims that they exaggerated the cultural differences between delinquent and non delinquent individuals. These place focus upon delinquent individuals rejection towards middle class values. Siegel (2007) accuses early subcultural theories of being of a descriptive nature. He states that they sufficiently describe values and how they are transmitted in a normal process of socialisation but fail to address their origins. This is something Cohen has been accused of doing as he fails to address cultural differences. For instance his theory of delinquency identifies that it is the need for status which causes delinquent behaviour but he fails to address where this status frustration derives from, so his theory does not explain what has caused this need for status and what factors are involved in this process. He has also been criticised for placing too much emphasis on the male gender. As the analysis found female offending has increased over the years. This shows how he has ignored cultural differences as he fails to address the issues of women and crime. Another criticism Cohens has been criticised for is to having placed too much focus on working class crimes and middle class crimes have not said to been accounted for and neither have individual acts of crimes been considered. In addition it has also been argued by critics that there is too much emphasis and research focused upon delinquency within schools. They state that delinquency within schools is only short lived and episodic and therefore they cannot be generalised as being full time delinquents. As stated earlier Matza (1964) supports these criticisms by arguing that the majority of youths in schools who are less successful tend to only drift in and out of rebellious traits which have little influence upon later life, thus supporting the views that delinquency is episodic. Millers claims of deviance being an extension of working class culture in schools was also subject to criticisms. Subcultural theories were said to over ex